Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) On Aedes MosquitoBorne Diseases Amongst Community Members in Malaysia: A Review

@#Aedes mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika are classified as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases across the globe. There is no permanent treatment or vaccine developed and the effort is still on-going. Several mitigation methods were introduced to control Aedes mosquitoes and the outbreak of these diseases. However, they had only been temporarily effective due to the lack of practices and participation of all community members who can contribute to the prevention of Aedes mosquito-borne diseases. Awareness on these diseases is still limited while the knowledge, attitude and practice of an individual strongly determines their level of involvement at community level towards prevention. This review highlights an overview of knowledge, attitude and practice studies on Aedes mosquito-borne diseases among different communities in Malaysia, the limitation in the knowledge, attitude and practice studies and the improvement that can be made to the knowledge, attitude and practice approach to encourage a more inclusive community involvement in Malaysia.

Association of Temperature and Rainfall with Aedes Mosquito Population in 17th College of Universiti Putra Malaysia

@#Introduction: Dengue is an arboviral disease affecting many tropical and subtropical regions. Statistics in Malaysia show that a cumulative of 57,627 number of DF cases with 94 cumulative number of deaths have occurred until July 8th 2020. Weather affects Aedes mosquito population and dengue incidence through the breeding behaviour of mosquitoes. This study aims to evaluate the association of temperature and rainfall with Aedes mosquito population in the 17th College, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and also to evaluate the accuracy of mobile ‘AedesTech’ automated counting application. Methods: Aedes Mosquito Home system (AMHS) were placed at each level of Block A, B, C and D of 17th College, UPM. The eggs laid by Aedes mosquito on the tissues inside the ovitrap were counted manually and via ‘AedesTech’ automated counting application. Monthly temperature and rainfall data from November 2018 until April 2019 were obtained from Malaysian Meteorological Department. Results: Temperature was inversely correlated to Aedes mosquito eggs count and ovitrap index. Rainfall was directly correlated to Aedes population as the number of mosquito eggs and ovitrap index were high in months recording high rainfall. The number of eggs count from ‘AedesTech’ Mobile App Version 5.9 (M=143) was significantly higher than the numbers from manual counting (M=35) indicating the ‘AedesTech’ auto-count is inaccurate. Conclusion: Temperature and rainfall have an influence on the Aedes mosquito population in the 17th College, UPM. The ‘AedesTech’ Mobile App Version 5.9 has low accuracy and therefore needs to be upgraded.

Complicaciones oculares asociadas a la fiebre por dengue / Ophthalmic complications associated to dengue fever

RESUMEN La infección por el virus del dengue va en aumento en las regiones tropicales de Asia, África y América. Se estima que se producen de 50 a 100 millones de casos de esta enfermedad al año. En los últimos tiempos han aumentado los reportes de manifestaciones oculares en estos pacientes, las cuales ocurren en un rango de 5 a 7 días posteriores al inicio de los síntomas, aunque también pueden ocurrir más tarde, y generalmente existe buen pronóstico visual. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de ampliar el conocimiento sobre un tema poco tratado en nuestro medio. Se consultaron fundamentalmente artículos científicos de revistas, publicados en las bases de datos PubMED y Cochrane, así como textos básicos que abordan este tema en los últimos 5 años, a través de Google académico como motor de búsqueda. Se constató que se han reportado manifestaciones oculares en pacientes con dengue que van desde hallazgos en el segmento anterior sin afectación visual, hasta cuadros más intensos que interesan las estructuras del polo posterior del ojo. La fisiopatología de estos hallazgos aún se encuentra en estudio y no existe consenso para su tratamiento. A pesar de que el pronóstico visual de estas alteraciones es bueno, se reportan casos donde no es así y se precisa mayor comprensión sobre la fisiopatología de estas para un abordaje terapéutico más adecuado en cada caso(AU)

ABSTRACT Infection by dengue virus is on the increase in tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. It has been estimated that 50 to 100 million cases of this disease occur every year. Recent years have witnessed a rise in the number of reports of ocular manifestations in dengue patients. These manifestations appear 5 to 7 days after symptom onset, though they could also occur later, and the visual prognosis is generally good. A bibliographic review was conducted with the purpose of broadening knowledge about a topic not commonly dealt with in our environment. The search was mainly aimed at scientific papers from journals, published in the databases PubMed and Cochrane, as well as basic texts addressing the study topic in the last 5 years, using the search engine Google Scholar. Ocular manifestations were found to have been reported in dengue patients. These range from findings in the anterior segment without any visual alteration to more intense episodes affecting the structures of the posterior pole of the eye. The physiopathology of these findings is still being studied, and there is no consensus about its treatment. Despite the good visual prognosis of these alterations, cases have been reported of a different outcome. Therefore, a better understanding is required of their physiopathology to achieve a more appropriate therapy for each case(AU)

Distribution and larval breeding habitats of Aedes mosquito species in residential areas of northwest Ethiopia / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: The Aedes mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of this vector is vital for implementing appropriate interventions. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the breeding habitats and presence of Aedes mosquito species in the study areas.METHODS: A house-to-house cross-sectional survey of Aedes mosquito breeding habitats was carried out in Metema and Humera, Ethiopia, in August 2017. All available water-holding containers present in and around houses were inspected for the presence of immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes, and they were collected and reared to the adult stage for species identification. In the larval survey, the house index, container index, and Breteau index were computed as risk indices.RESULTS: Of the 384 houses surveyed for the presence of Aedes mosquito larval breeding, 98 were found to be positive for larvae. During the survey, a total of 566 containers were inspected, of which 186 were found to be infested with Aedes mosquito larvae, with a container index of 32.9, a house index of 25.5, and a Breteau index of 48.4. The most common Aedes mosquito breeding habitats were discarded tires (57.5%), followed by mud pots (30.0%). Of the 1,077 larvae and pupae collected and reared, Aedes aegypti (49.3%), Ae. vittatus (6.5%), and Culex species (44.2%) were identified.CONCLUSIONS: Discarded tires were the most preferred breeding habitats for Aedes mosquitoes. Moreover, Ae. aegypti, the main vector of dengue and other arboviruses, was identified for the first time in this region, suggesting a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the study areas.

Distribution and larval breeding habitats of Aedes mosquito species in residential areas of northwest Ethiopia / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: The Aedes mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of this vector is vital for implementing appropriate interventions. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the breeding habitats and presence of Aedes mosquito species in the study areas. METHODS: A house-to-house cross-sectional survey of Aedes mosquito breeding habitats was carried out in Metema and Humera, Ethiopia, in August 2017. All available water-holding containers present in and around houses were inspected for the presence of immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes, and they were collected and reared to the adult stage for species identification. In the larval survey, the house index, container index, and Breteau index were computed as risk indices. RESULTS: Of the 384 houses surveyed for the presence of Aedes mosquito larval breeding, 98 were found to be positive for larvae. During the survey, a total of 566 containers were inspected, of which 186 were found to be infested with Aedes mosquito larvae, with a container index of 32.9, a house index of 25.5, and a Breteau index of 48.4. The most common Aedes mosquito breeding habitats were discarded tires (57.5%), followed by mud pots (30.0%). Of the 1,077 larvae and pupae collected and reared, Aedes aegypti (49.3%), Ae. vittatus (6.5%), and Culex species (44.2%) were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Discarded tires were the most preferred breeding habitats for Aedes mosquitoes. Moreover, Ae. aegypti, the main vector of dengue and other arboviruses, was identified for the first time in this region, suggesting a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the study areas.

Growth inhibitory effect of phenolic extracts of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. in dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L) in parent and F1 generation

Objective To evaluate the lethal and emergence inhibitory effect of alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts of Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), and to explore the effect of the most effective fraction on developmental and biochemical parameters of the dengue vector. Methods The fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were exposed to alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts from Z. jujuba leaves to test their toxicity and emergence inhibitory effects. Phenolic extract, being the most effective was further tested against the mosquitoes for their growth inhibitory effect supported by biochemical changes in the parent and F1 generation. Results While the different secondary metabolite fractions i.e., alkaloid, phenolics and terpenoid caused mortality at larval and pupal stages, the LC

Growth inhibitory effect of phenolic extracts of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. in dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L) in parent and F1 generation

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the lethal and emergence inhibitory effect of alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts of Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), and to explore the effect of the most effective fraction on developmental and biochemical parameters of the dengue vector.@*METHODS@#The fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were exposed to alkaloid, phenolic and terpenoid extracts from Z. jujuba leaves to test their toxicity and emergence inhibitory effects. Phenolic extract, being the most effective was further tested against the mosquitoes for their growth inhibitory effect supported by biochemical changes in the parent and F1 generation.@*RESULTS@#While the different secondary metabolite fractions i.e., alkaloid, phenolics and terpenoid caused mortality at larval and pupal stages, the LC value was the lowest for phenolic fraction. Further study carried out with the phenolic fraction revealed that it affected growth by decreasing adult life span, fertility and fecundity of the mosquitoes. The reduction in growth was also accompanied by decrease in carbohydrate and lipid levels.@*CONCLUSIONS@#It is concluded that the phenolic extract of the leaves of Z. jujuba is a potential candidate for control of Aedes mosquitoes.

Pupal productivity & nutrient reserves of Aedes mosquitoes breeding in sewage drains & other habitats of Kolkata, India: implications for habitat expansion & vector management.

Background & objectives: The quality of breeding sites is reflected through the pupal productivity and the life history traits of Aedes mosquitoes. Using nutrient reserves and pupal productivity of Aedes as indicators, the larval habitats including sewage drains were characterized to highlight the habitat expansion and vector management. Methods: The pupae and adults collected from the containers and sewage drains were characterized in terms of biomass and nutrient reserves and the data were subjected to three way factorial ANOVA. Discriminant function analyses were performed to highlight the differences among the habitats for sustenance of Aedes mosquitoes. Results: Survey of larval habitats from the study area revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the pupal productivity of Aedes among the habitats and months. Despite sewage drains being comparatively less utilized for breeding, the pupae were of higher biomass with corresponding adults having longer wings in contrast to other habitats. The nutrient reserve of the adults emerging from pupae of sewage drains was significantly higher (P<0.05), compared to other habitats, as reflected through the discriminant function analysis. Interpretation & conclusions: The present results showed that for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, sewage drains were equally congenial habitat as were plastic, porcelain and earthen habitats. Availability of Aedes immature in sewage drains poses increased risk of dengue, and thus vector control programme should consider inclusion of sewage drains as breeding habitat of dengue vector mosquitoes.

Retrospective study of chikungunya outbreak in urban areas of India.

Background & objectives: A retrospective study on chikungunya outbreak in India in five States viz. Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Kerala was conducted in 2007-2008 to know the distribution and determinants of chikungunya fever outbreak in India. Methods: On the basis of high and low incidence of chikungunya fever, two districts from each State and two wards from the selected district were taken for random selection of 1000 households from 10 districts and 5 States. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to individuals, patients, qualified health professionals and to stakeholders for collecting information. Results: The educational background and occupation of the respondents showed variations across the study States. Only in high incidence ward of Maharashtra, water storage period for 3-6 days and emptying, drying of water containers on weekly basis was noted. The study through knowledge, attitude, belief, practice (KABP) obtained individual's perception of chikungunya fever, its prevention and control. Patients’ expenditure on treatment was mainly recorded less than Rs 500 across study States. Health facility survey obtained an overview of the capacity of local health facilities. Stakeholders’ perception regarding chikungunya fever was also noted. Interpretation & Conclusions: The study revealed differences in awareness of chikungunya, cause of the disease, vector responsible, mode of transmission, biting time and elimination of breeding of mosquitoes statistically significant among high and low incidence wards of all the States. Expenditure on treatment was independent of economically active status and loss of man-days across all the States. Education and occupation did not have any relation with emptying/drying of water containers in high incidence wards. Strengthening of surveillance, information, education and communication (IEC) activities along with case management facilities may be provided by the State health department for prevention of chikungunya outbreaks in future. Stakeholders should be more involved in outbreak management and future planning.